Name: Vietnam CyStack Joint Stock Company
Address: Tan Hong Ha Complex, 317 Truong Chinh Street, Hanoi, Vietnam, 100000, VN
Telephone: (+84) 247 109 9656
Price range: Negotiable

Official definition

ByMitre CWE

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

Characteristics

Alternate terms

OOB read — Shorthand for "Out of bounds" read

Modes of introduction

Implementation

Common consequences

Impact	Scope	Explanation
Read Memory	Confidentiality	An attacker could get secret values such as cryptographic keys, PII, memory addresses, or other information that could be used in additional attacks.
Bypass Protection Mechanism	Confidentiality	Out-of-bounds memory could contain memory addresses or other information that can be used to bypass ASLR and other protection mechanisms in order to improve the reliability of exploiting a separate weakness for code execution.
DoS: Crash, Exit, or Restart	Availability	An attacker could cause a segmentation fault or crash by causing memory to be read outside of the bounds of the buffer. This is especially likely when the code reads a variable amount of data and assumes that a sentinel exists to stop the read operation, such as a NUL in a string.
Varies by Context	Other	The read operation could produce other undefined or unexpected results.

Risk mitigations

Input Validation · ImplementationAssume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue." Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright. To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Language Selection · Architecture and DesignUse a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.

Detection methods

Method	Approach	Effectiveness
Fuzzing	Fuzz testing (fuzzing) is a powerful technique for generating large numbers of diverse inputs - either randomly or algorithmically - and dynamically invoking the code with those inputs. Even with random inputs, it is often capable of generating unexpected results such as crashes, memory corruption, or resource consumption. Fuzzing effectively produces repeatable test cases that clearly indicate bugs, which helps developers to diagnose the issues.	High
Automated Static Analysis	Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)	High
Automated Dynamic Analysis	Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.	Moderate

Representative vulnerabilities

Below are representative vulnerabilities related to this CWE, prioritized by severity.

Sources (2)

MITRE CWE

CWE Terms of Use

CWE-125: Out-of-bounds Read

What is CWE-125?

Vulnerabilities mapped to CWE-125

Vulnerabilities in CISA KEV for CWE-125

Official definition

Characteristics

Alternate terms

Modes of introduction

Common consequences

Risk mitigations

Detection methods

Representative vulnerabilities

Supporting documents

Run an in-depth assessment with complete web risk management

Explore more resources from CyStack

Website security reports

CyStack research

Cybersecurity knowledge