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In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.31, 8.3.* before 8.3.31, 8.4.* before 8.4.21, and 8.5.* before 8.5.6, the PDO Firebird driver improperly handles NUL bytes when preparing SQL queries. During token-by-token query construction, a string token containing a NUL byte is copied via strncat(), which stops at the NUL byte, dropping the closing quote and causing subsequent SQL tokens to be interpreted as part of the string. This allows SQL injection when attacker-controlled values are quoted via PDO::quote() and embedded in SQL statements.

Improper escaping of backslashes in attacker-provided parameters would allow for trivial SQL injection in PHP versions from 8.2.* before 8.2.33, from 8.3.* before 8.3.33, from 8.4.* before 8.4.24, and from 8.5.* before 8.5.9.

In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.31, 8.3.* before 8.3.31, 8.4.* before 8.4.21, and 8.5.* before 8.5.6, the SOAP extension's object deduplication mechanism stores pointers to PHP objects in a global map without incrementing their reference counts. When an apache:Map node contains duplicate keys, processing the second entry overwrites the first in the temporary result map, freeing the original PHP object while its stale pointer remains in the map. A subsequent href reference to the freed node can copy the dangling pointer into the result. As PHP string allocations can reclaim the freed memory region, an attacker with control over the SOAP request body can exploit this use-after-free to achieve remote code execution.

In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.31, 8.3.* before 8.3.31, 8.4.* before 8.4.21, and 8.5.* before 8.5.6, when SoapServer is configured with SOAP_PERSISTENCE_SESSION, the handler object is persisted across requests via session storage. However, in the case SOAP requests results in an error, the persistance is handled incorrectly, resulting in freeing the object while keeping a pointer to it, which may lead to use-after-free. This may lead to memory corruption, information disclosure, or process crashes, with confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact on the vulnerable system.

In PHP versions:8.1.* before 8.1.34, 8.2.* before 8.2.30, 8.3.* before 8.3.29, 8.4.* before 8.4.16, 8.5.* before 8.5.1, a heap buffer overflow occurs in array_merge() when the total element count of packed arrays exceeds 32-bit limits or HT_MAX_SIZE, due to an integer overflow in the precomputation of element counts using zend_hash_num_elements(). This may lead to memory corruption or crashes and affect the integrity and availability of the target server.

In PHP versions 8.3.* before 8.3.19 and 8.4.* before 8.4.5, a code sequence involving __set handler or ??=  operator and exceptions can lead to a use-after-free vulnerability. If the third party can control the memory layout leading to this, for example by supplying specially crafted inputs to the script, it could lead to remote code execution.

In PHP versions:8.1.* before 8.1.34, 8.2.* before 8.2.30, 8.3.* before 8.3.29, 8.4.* before 8.4.16, 8.5.* before 8.5.1, the getimagesize() function may leak uninitialized heap memory into the APPn segments (e.g., APP1) when reading images in multi-chunk mode (such as via php://filter). This occurs due to a bug in php_read_stream_all_chunks() that overwrites the buffer without advancing the pointer, leaving tail bytes uninitialized. This may lead to information disclosure of sensitive heap data and affect the confidentiality of the target server.

In PHP versions 8.1.* before 8.1.34, 8.2.* before 8.2.30, 8.3.* before 8.3.29, 8.4.* before 8.4.16, 8.5.* before 8.5.1 when using the PDO PostgreSQL driver with PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES enabled, an invalid character sequence (such as \x99) in a prepared statement parameter may cause the quoting function PQescapeStringConn to return NULL, leading to a null pointer dereference in pdo_parse_params() function. This may lead to crashes (segmentation fault) and affect the availability of the target server.

In PHP versions:8.1.* before 8.1.33, 8.2.* before 8.2.29, 8.3.* before 8.3.23, 8.4.* pgsql and pdo_pgsql escaping functions do not check if the underlying quoting functions returned errors. This could cause crashes if Postgres server rejects the string as invalid.

In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.31, 8.3.* before 8.3.31, 8.4.* before 8.4.21, and 8.5.* before 8.5.6, some functions, including urldecode(), pass signed char to ctype functions (like isxdigit()). On the systems with default signed char and optimized table-lookup ctype functions - such as NetBSD - this can lead to accessing array with negative offset, which can trigger a denial of service.

In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.31, 8.3.* before 8.3.31, 8.4.* before 8.4.21, and 8.5.* before 8.5.6, when a SOAP server has a typemap configured, the decoding process contains a mistake which checks the wrong variable in case of missing value element.  This leads to dereferences a NULL pointer, causing a segmentation fault. This allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to crash the PHP SOAP server process, resulting in denial of service.

In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.31, 8.3.* before 8.3.31, 8.4.* before 8.4.21, and 8.5.* before 8.5.6, the metaphone() function in ext/standard/metaphone.c uses a signed int variable to track the current position within the input string. If a string longer than 2,147,483,647 bytes is passed, a signed integer overflow occurs, resulting in undefined behavior. This can lead to an out-of-bounds read, causing a segmentation fault or access to unrelated memory, and may affect the availability of the PHP process.

In PHP from 8.1.* before 8.1.32, from 8.2.* before 8.2.28, from 8.3.* before 8.3.19, from 8.4.* before 8.4.5, when user-supplied headers are sent, the insufficient validation of the end-of-line characters may prevent certain headers from being sent or lead to certain headers be misinterpreted.

In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.31, 8.3.* before 8.3.31, 8.4.* before 8.4.21, and 8.5.* before 8.5.6, a mismatch between encoding lists in Oniguruma and mbfl leads to  a NULL pointer dereference, resulting in a segmentation fault and denial of service. The vulnerability is exploitable when user-controlled input can influence the encoding passed to mb_regex_encoding().

In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.31, 8.3.* before 8.3.31, 8.4.* before 8.4.21, 8.5.* before 8.5.6, due to improper sanitation of user data, it allows an attacker to compose an URL, which will cause the target to execute arbitrary JavaScript code (XSS) on the target's machine when the target is viewing the PHP-FPM status page.

In PHP versions:8.1.* before 8.1.33, 8.2.* before 8.2.29, 8.3.* before 8.3.23, 8.4.* before 8.4.10 when parsing XML data in SOAP extensions, overly large (>2Gb) XML namespace prefix may lead to null pointer dereference. This may lead to crashes and affect the availability of the target server.

Circular symbolic links in phar archives could lead to unbounded recursion, exhausting the C stack and crashing the PHP process, in PHP versions from 8.2.* before 8.2.33, from 8.3.* before 8.3.33, from 8.4.* before 8.4.24, and from 8.5.* before 8.5.9.

In PHP from 8.1.* before 8.1.32, from 8.2.* before 8.2.28, from 8.3.* before 8.3.19, from 8.4.* before 8.4.5, when requesting a HTTP resource using the DOM or SimpleXML extensions, the wrong content-type header is used to determine the charset when the requested resource performs a redirect. This may cause the resulting document to be parsed incorrectly or bypass validations.

In PHP versions:8.1.* before 8.1.33, 8.2.* before 8.2.29, 8.3.* before 8.3.23, 8.4.* before 8.4.10 some functions like fsockopen() lack validation that the hostname supplied does not contain null characters. This may lead to other functions like parse_url() treat the hostname in different way, thus opening way to security problems if the user code implements access checks before access using such functions.

In PHP from 8.1.* before 8.1.32, from 8.2.* before 8.2.28, from 8.3.* before 8.3.19, from 8.4.* before 8.4.5, when receiving headers from HTTP server, the headers missing a colon (:) are treated as valid headers even though they are not. This may confuse applications into accepting invalid headers.

In PHP versions 8.2.* before 8.2.32, 8.3.* before 8.3.32, 8.4.* before 8.4.23, 8.5.* before 8.5.8, the AES-WRAP-PAD algorithm implementation in OpenSSL extension contains a buffer allocation flaw. The output buffer for the AES key-wrap-with-padding operation is sized from the plaintext length without accounting for RFC 5649 expansion. This may cause OpenSSL to write beyond allocated memory, corrupting heap metadata and triggering application abort.

In PHP from 8.1.* before 8.1.32, from 8.2.* before 8.2.28, from 8.3.* before 8.3.19, from 8.4.* before 8.4.5, when http request module parses HTTP response obtained from a server, folded headers are parsed incorrectly, which may lead to misinterpreting the response and using incorrect headers, MIME types, etc.